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Threading America · Teacher edition · Chapter 16

The Polyester Dream

Post-War Consumerism and 'Better Living Through Chemistry' · 1950–1980

Guiding question

Was the postwar promise of cheap, easy-care synthetic clothing a sign of progress or a problem passed to the future?

Teacher notes

Objectives

Students will be able to:

  • Place the chapter's key events, from 1953 to 1972, in order and explain why each mattered.
  • Analyze 2 primary sources for context, audience, purpose, and point of view.
  • Use the chapter's vocabulary accurately: Polyester, Planned obsolescence, Wash-and-wear, Petrochemical, Microplastics.
  • Write an evidence-based argument that answers the guiding question.

AP U.S. History

Period 8 (1945–1980)

Standards

Standards addressed
FrameworkCodeStudents
C3 FrameworkD2.His.1.9-12Explain how events were shaped by their time and place and by broader historical contexts.
C3 FrameworkD2.His.4.9-12Analyze the factors that shaped people's perspectives in different eras.
C3 FrameworkD2.His.10.9-12Identify the limitations of different kinds of historical evidence.
C3 FrameworkD2.His.16.9-12Integrate evidence from multiple sources into a reasoned argument about the past.
Common CoreRH.9-10.1 / RH.11-12.1Cite specific textual evidence from primary and secondary sources.
Common CoreRH.9-10.4 / RH.11-12.4Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in historical texts.
Common CoreRH.9-10.6 / RH.11-12.6Compare and evaluate authors' points of view on the same events.
Common CoreWHST.9-10.1 / WHST.11-12.1Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.

Pacing

Day 1 (50 minutes)

  • 5 minBefore you read: guiding question and predictions
  • 15 minReading and timeline
  • 25 minPrimary source workshop (2 sources)
  • 5 minExit ticket

Day 2 (50 minutes)

  • 5 minKey terms matching
  • 20 minCorroboration and discussion questions
  • 25 minClaim, evidence, reasoning paragraph

Teaching hard history

  • Never use role-play or simulations of slavery, violence, or other atrocities. Ask students to analyze the testimony and documented choices of real people instead.
  • Pair the voices of the people who did the work (enslaved people, children, strikers, immigrants) with the voices of those who profited, and ask whose records survived and why.
  • Primary sources are reproduced word for word, including period language and dialect transcribed by interviewers. Before reading, discuss who recorded each source and for whom. Do not ask students to perform dialect aloud.
  • Tell students before they see images of injured, captive, or dead people, and give them a way to step back.
  • Distinguish what the sources show from what they cannot prove. Several stories in this exhibit correct popular myths; name the myth, then the evidence.

Guidance follows Learning for Justice, "Teaching Hard History: American Slavery" (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2018).

Answer key: key terms

Polyester: C · Planned obsolescence: D · Wash-and-wear: A · Petrochemical: E · Microplastics: B

Part 1Before you read

  1. Read the guiding question. Write down what you already know, or think you know, about it.
  2. Predict one way your answer might change after reading the sources.

Part 2Read

The post-war era was the age of 'Better Living Through Chemistry.' Synthetic fibers made clothing cheaper, more durable, and easier to care for—and seeded a global problem of plastic pollution that scientists would not measure for decades.

DuPont began commercial production of its polyester fiber, Dacron, in 1953. Within two decades, polyester double-knits filled American closets, and the leisure suit had become a symbol of 1970s fashion. Wash-and-wear blends, permanent-press finishes, and stretch fibers such as spandex, invented in 1958 and introduced the next year, reshaped not only clothes but the laundry room. Synthetic fibers made fashion more affordable and convenient and, unlike wool, cotton, or linen, did not biodegrade. Scientists reported plastic debris on the open ocean as early as 1972, but the shedding of microscopic fibers from synthetic clothing in the wash was not studied systematically until the 2010s.

A DuPont trade booklet of dyed Dacron polyester and Antron nylon swatches-the synthetic palette sold to American mills and garment makers.
A DuPont trade booklet of dyed Dacron polyester and Antron nylon swatches-the synthetic palette sold to American mills and garment makers. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, "Dacron & Antron Colour Story," fabric sample booklet. Science History Institute, via Wikimedia Commons. No known copyright restrictions.

Part 3Timeline

Students write one sentence on why each event mattered.

  1. 1953

    Dacron Introduced

    DuPont begins commercial production of Dacron polyester; Brooks Brothers sells the first Dacron-blend wash-and-wear shirts.

  2. 1959

    Spandex Introduced

    DuPont chemist Joseph Shivers's stretch fiber, invented in 1958, is introduced as 'Fiber K' and later branded Lycra—foundation of modern shapewear, swimwear, and activewear.

  3. 1960s

    The Double-Knit Craze

    Polyester double-knits become a dominant fashion fabric, prized for wrinkle resistance and vivid color.

  4. 1972

    Plastic on the Open Sea

    Edward Carpenter and Kenneth Smith report plastic particles widespread on the surface of the Sargasso Sea—an early scientific signal of marine plastic pollution.

Part 4Key terms

Polyester (answer C)
A synthetic fiber made from petroleum-based chemicals, valued for being cheap, wrinkle-resistant, and quick-drying.
Planned obsolescence (answer D)
Designing or marketing products so they go out of date or wear out quickly, encouraging people to buy replacements.
Wash-and-wear (answer A)
1950s advertising term for clothing that could be washed and worn without ironing.
Petrochemical (answer E)
A chemical made from petroleum or natural gas, including the raw materials for synthetic fibers.
Microplastics (answer B)
Plastic pieces smaller than five millimeters, including fibers shed from synthetic clothing during washing.

Part 5Primary source workshop

These excerpts are quoted word for word, including the spelling and language of their time.

Document A

The Kitchen Debate (as reported in The New York Times)

The New York Times, reporting Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev, July 24, 1959 (published July 25, 1959)

He said American houses were built to last only twenty years ... "We build firmly. We build for our children and grandchildren." Mr. Nixon said he thought American houses would last more than twenty years, but even so, after twenty years many Americans want a new home or a new kitchen, which would be obsolete then.

Context: Vice President Nixon and Soviet Premier Khrushchev argued about consumer goods at the American National Exhibition in Moscow. Nixon's defense of constant replacement captured the Cold War idea that abundant, ever-newer products proved capitalism's superiority.

Source: The Kitchen Debate. Teaching American History, Ashbrook Center. 1959. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-kitchen-debate/

Historical context
What was happening when and where this was created?
Intended audience
Who was meant to read, hear, or see it?
Purpose
Why was it created? What did its creator want to happen?
Point of view
Whose perspective does it show, and whose is missing?

Document B

Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface

Edward J. Carpenter and Kenneth L. Smith Jr., March 17, 1972

Plastic particles, in concentrations averaging 3500 pieces and 290 grams per square kilometer, are widespread in the western Sargasso Sea. ... Increasing production of plastics, combined with present waste-disposal practices, will undoubtedly lead to increases in the concentration of these particles. Plastics could be a source of some of the polychlorinated biphenyls recently observed in oceanic organisms.

Context: Two Woods Hole oceanographers published one of the first scientific reports of plastic pollution in the open ocean. They found mostly plastic pellets rather than textile fibers, but their warning came at the height of the polyester boom.

Source: Edward J. Carpenter and Kenneth L. Smith Jr. Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface, Science 175 (4027): 1240–1241. Science (abstract via PubMed, National Library of Medicine). 1972. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5061243/

Historical context
What was happening when and where this was created?
Intended audience
Who was meant to read, hear, or see it?
Purpose
Why was it created? What did its creator want to happen?
Point of view
Whose perspective does it show, and whose is missing?

Corroborate

Compare "The Kitchen Debate (as reported in The New York Times)" (The New York Times, reporting Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev, July 24, 1959 (published July 25, 1959)) with "Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface" (Edward J. Carpenter and Kenneth L. Smith Jr., March 17, 1972). Where do they agree, where do they differ, and what might explain the differences?

Part 6Discuss

  1. According to Carpenter and Smith, how much plastic did they find in the Sargasso Sea, and what did they predict would happen?
  2. The Kitchen Debate excerpt is a reporter's summary in the New York Times, not a transcript. How does that affect how we use it as evidence of what Nixon and Khrushchev believed?
  3. Nixon defended a system in which products become "obsolete." How does the idea of planned obsolescence help explain the rise of polyester and disposable fashion?
  4. Scientists now find microplastic fibers from synthetic clothing in oceans, drinking water, and human tissue. Were the 1972 warnings ignored, and who should bear responsibility now: producers, consumers, or government? Argue.

Part 7Write: claim, evidence, reasoning

Answer the guiding question in one paragraph, using the documents and the reading.

Paragraph checklist
ClaimAnswers the guiding question directly in one or two sentences.
EvidenceCites at least two primary sources by name and at least one fact from the reading.
ReasoningExplains how each piece of evidence supports the claim.
SourcingNotes at least one limitation of a source: who made it, when, and why.

Part 8Exit ticket

  1. In one sentence, how would you answer the guiding question now?
  2. What piece of evidence would most change your mind?

Keep exploring

  • Impact

    The Cost of 'Miracle' Fibers

    How synthetic clothing became a source of microplastic pollution.

    https://www.threadingamerica.com/topics/cost-of-miracle-fibers

  • Innovation

    The Wash-and-Wear Revolution

    The shirt that promised to retire the iron.

    https://www.threadingamerica.com/topics/wash-and-wear

  • Material Culture

    The Leisure Suit Phenomenon

    How polyester became the most-mocked fabric in American fashion.

    https://www.threadingamerica.com/topics/leisure-suit-phenomenon

Places: Pennsylvania